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1. Antioxidant Effect

(1) Free radical scavenging

Free radicals are constantly generated during the physiological process of the skin. Factors such as ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, and the skin's own metabolism can trigger the generation of free radicals. 

These free radicals include superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, etc. They are highly reactive and can attack lipids, proteins, and DNA in skin cells. Fisetin, as a powerful antioxidant, can effectively remove free radicals by providing hydrogen atoms to neutralize the unpaired electrons of free radicals.

(2) Activates antioxidant enzyme system

In addition to directly scavenging free radicals, fisetin is also able to activate the antioxidant enzyme system within skin cells. It can upregulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT). 

These antioxidant enzymes work together within the cell, with SOD converting superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, which is then broken down into water and oxygen by GSH-Px and CAT. In this way, fisetin enhances the skin's own antioxidant defenses, maintains the redox balance within skin cells, and enables the skin to better resist oxidative stress caused by external factors.

2. Anti-inflammatory effects

(1) Inhibit the production of inflammatory factors

When the skin is damaged or irritated, such as by allergies, infection, or UV exposure, an inflammatory response is triggered. 

During the inflammatory process, a variety of inflammatory factors are produced, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Fisetin is able to inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways and reduce the production of these inflammatory factors. It does this primarily by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).

(2) Regulate immune cell function

Fisetin can also regulate the function of immune cells in the skin. For example, for macrophages in the skin, Fisetin can regulate their polarization state. 

Under inflammatory conditions, macrophages can be divided into M1 type (pro-inflammatory) and M2 type (anti-inflammatory). Fisetin can promote macrophage polarization to M2 type, enabling them to play anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functions, reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, relieve skin inflammation, and promote skin healing and recovery.

3. Repairing photodamage

Fisetin can repair skin damage caused by ultraviolet rays. After the skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays, Fisetin can promote the activity of DNA repair enzymes in cells and help repair damaged DNA. 

At the same time, it can also regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in skin cells. Ultraviolet radiation can cause overexpression of MMPs, which will decompose collagen and elastic fibers in the skin, causing the skin to lose elasticity and firmness. Fisetin can inhibit the activity of MMPs, reduce the decomposition of collagen and elastic fibers, maintain the elasticity and toughness of the skin, and thus effectively resist photoaging.