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1. Antioxidant Effect

Kaempferol can regulate the antioxidant enzyme system in the body and enhance the body's own antioxidant defense ability. It can induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and increase the activity of these enzymes. SOD can convert superoxide anion free radicals into hydrogen peroxide, while CAT and GSH-Px are responsible for decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thereby effectively removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. Kaempferol enhances the function of the antioxidant enzyme system, enabling the body to respond more effectively to oxidative stress and maintain redox balance in cells.

2. Anti-inflammatory effects

Kaempferol can directly act on the synthases of inflammatory mediators and reduce the production of inflammatory mediators. For example, it can inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). COX-2 is the key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin inflammatory mediators such as PGE2, while 5-LOX is involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes. Kaempferol can reduce the levels of inflammatory mediators such as PGE2 and leukotrienes by inhibiting the activity of these two enzymes, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response.

3. Anticancer Effects

Studies have shown that Kaempferol can induce apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibit the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. It has shown significant inhibitory effects on a variety of cancer cell lines, such as prostate cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer.

4. Neuroprotective effect

Kaempferol can activate the antioxidant enzyme system in nerve cells, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT). These enzymes can work synergistically to convert free radicals into harmless substances such as water and oxygen. Kaempferol can enhance the antioxidant defense ability of nerve cells themselves and reduce the damage of oxidative stress to nerve cells by upregulating the expression and activity of these antioxidant enzymes.

5. Protect liver

Kaempferol can inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. When the liver is damaged, the apoptosis signaling pathway in the cell will be activated, leading to the upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Caspase-3, while the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2. Kaempferol can upregulate the expression of Bcl-2, downregulate the activity and expression of Bax and Caspase-3, maintain the balance between apoptosis and anti-apoptosis in the cell, and inhibit the apoptosis of hepatocytes.