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1. Activate autophagy to optimize cellular "self-purification" and resource cycling.

For senescent cells, spermidine can reverse senescent phenotypes (such as decreased β-galactosidase activity and inhibition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)) through autophagy, restoring cell proliferation and metabolic activity; for damaged cells (such as those damaged by oxidative stress and inflammation), autophagy activation can reduce damage accumulation and promote cell repair.

2. Repair mitochondrial function and enhance the efficiency of the cell's "energy factory".

Activating mitophagy: Specifically clears damaged mitochondria, reducing ROS production and oxidative damage.

Promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis: Upregulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), promoting mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription of mitochondrial-related genes, increasing the number of healthy mitochondria.

3. Regulate epigenetics and gene expression to optimize cellular functional programs.

Spermidine influences the expression of cellular function-related genes by regulating histone acetylation/deacetylation balance and DNA methylation levels:

It inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs), promotes histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, activates genes related to cell proliferation, metabolism, and anti-apoptosis (such as BDNF, PGC-1α, and SIRT1), and inhibits aging and inflammation-related genes (such as TNF-α and IL-6).

It inhibits DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), reduces DNA methylation levels in the promoter regions of aging-related genes, restores their normal expression, and optimizes cellular functional programming.

4. Promotes cell proliferation and differentiation, and maintains tissue regeneration capacity.

Spermidine can regulate cell differentiation-related signaling pathways (such as the Wnt and Notch pathways), promote the differentiation of stem cells into functionally mature cells (such as neural stem cells differentiating into neurons and mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into osteoblasts), maintain tissue regeneration capacity, and improve tissue function decline caused by decreased cell differentiation capacity.